All entities (excluding governmental) purchased Exhaust Systems in the United States directly from any of the Defendants January 1, 2002 through February 12, 2018 (the “Class Period”).
“Exhaust Systems” refers to one or more of the following: manifolds, flex pipes, catalytic converters, converters, diesel oxidation catalysts, diesel particulate filters, oxygen sensors, isolators, gaskets, clamps, resonator assemblies, pipe accessories, mufflers, muffler assemblies, and tubes. An exhaust system has a “hot end,” which is the part of the exhaust system that is mounted to the engine (generally comprising the manifold and/or catalytic converter) and a “cold end,” which is the part of the exhaust system that is mounted to the underbody of the car (and contains, for example, the muffler, pipes and/or the catalytic converter).
